Objective: This study was to evaluate the potential of successive Bacopa monnieri extract against nephrotoxicity induced by Alcohol in rats. The evaluation was done through measuring kidney antioxidant status and renal damage markers. Materials and Methods: For this study, the rats were divided into four groups (n = 6 in each group): normal control (NC), Bacopa monnieri treated (Bm.t), alcohol treated (Al.t), and alcohol plus Bacopa monnieri treated (Al.t + Bm.t). Bacopa monnieri was given to the Alcohol treated group for 30 days and renal antioxidant enzymes were assayed. Results: Renal antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities, the levels of glutathione and urea were significantly (P < .001) decreased, whereas malondialdehyde levels and creatine, urea, uric acid were elevated in Alcohol treated group. However, Bacopa monnieri extract supplementation to the Alcohol treated rats reversed these effects and attained the antioxidant status and renal damage markers to normal levels. Conclusion: This study concludes that alcohol-induced nephro-toxicity was attenuated by Bacopa monnieri extract treatment, thus Bacopa monnieri can used as a regular nutrient to protect the renal cells.

Herbal excipients are a better choice instead of synthetic one. The developing interest and awareness about herbal excipients, which are of natural in origin, the pharmaceutical industries are tending to use them in development of various formulations. Nowadays preferences are given to herbal excipients as they involves fewer regulatory issues and being stable during the formulation process as well as in the finished formulation in comparison with synthetic excipients. The current study enlists various herbal excipients along with their major chemical constituents and their uses in pharmaceutical preparations. Software based pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of some selected chemical constituents was performed. Generated data (for solubility, skin permeability, gastrointestinal absorption, cytochrome P450 activity, Bioavailability etc.) was studied for suitability of that particular excipient for specific type dosage form.

Thyroid hormones are produced by the thyroid gland. Examples of thyroid hormones are triiodothryonine T3 and thyroxine T4. They are used for regulation of metabolism. Iodine is necessary or essential for the production of T3 and T4. Decreases the level or production of T3 and T4, it gives enlargement of thyroid tissue and it will gives or cause disease like goiter. These hormones are commonly found in the blood. Thyroxine T4 was commonly found in the blood. In human body, this hormone was released into the blood in ration 20:1. Thyroxine T4 was converted into triiodothryonine T3within the cell by deiodinases i.e. 5’-iodinase. Triiodothryonine T3 is more potent than thyroxine T4. Triiodothryonine T3 is converted into iodothyronamine i.e. T1a and thyronamine i.e. T0a by decarboxylation and deiodination processes. Dietary selenium is essential for T3 production. T3 is also known as Liothyronine in the pharmaceutical industries.Iodide was actively absorbed from the blood stream by the process known as iodide trapping. In this process, sodium ion i.e. Na was co-transported with iodide from the basolateral side of the membrane into the cell and then concentrated in the thyroid follicles to about thirty times its concentration in the blood. When two molecules of diiodotyrosine are react with each other then it give thyroxine i.e. T4. When one molecules of MIT and one molecules of DIT react with each other, it gives triiodothryonine i.e. T3.

Metronidazole (MTZ) is an antiprotozoal medication that kills bacteria and is commonly used to treat amebiasis infection, bacterial infection, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis infection. An array of varied brands of MTZ is available in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The aim of present study was to evaluate the selected four brands of MTZ 500 mg tablets (A, B, C and D) purchased from the retail pharmacy outlet in Abha province, Saudi Arabia with a view to ascertain their interchange ability in clinical practice. The study was done by quality control tests on branded tablets like; weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration and dissolution, to list a few. Results of all the selected marketed products were complied and compared with the official specifications. The results showed that all parameters recorded for MTZ tablets were in accordance with the USP limits. The tested four brands were bioequivalent and have complied with the official tests specifications for weight variation, friability, disintegration and dissolution test. The percentage release of MTZ from tablets was in the range of 89.6% to 99.1% and drug content was in range 94.93% to 100%. Tablet C took 5.2 min to disintegrate, whereas the highest disintegration time of 14 min was exhibited by tablet D. All the tested brands of MTZ 500mg tablets (A, B, C and D) have complied with the official critical quality specifications. The four selected brands assessed in the present study could be considered bio pharmaceutically equivalent and therefore, when there is inaccessibility of a particular brand; patients can safely switch from one brand to another.

Nanoparticles are described as particulate dispersion, or solid particles with a 10-1000nm size range. Nanoparticles are colloidal sub nanosized structures composed of synthetic and semisynthetic polymers. In the present work designing a control release formulation for the drug pravastatin prolongs the drug's therapeutic concentration in the blood and decreases the dosing frequency and also improves the drug's effectiveness and compliance with patients. The main aims of this work were to design and develop Pravastatin nanoparticle for the cholesterol treatment. The formulations were evaluated for various physiochemical parameters. FT-IR study confirmed the drug-polymer compatibility. Zeta potential of formulation was found negative indicating the stability of the nanoparticles. SEM photographs of formulations F3 revealed that nanoparticles were discrete particles with rough, rigid surface. The drug content was found to be in the range of 36.29+0.48 to 44.70+0.74 and the entrapment efficiency in the range of 72.41+0.62 to 89.59+0.41. The % cumulative drug release of the formulation ranged from 71.36% to 89.49%. Stability study was performed on the optimized formulations by storing the samples at 25±2oC and 65 ± 5% RH and 40±2ºC and ± 5% RH with 96.32±5% RH for 60 days and was found to be stable.