Background: Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) disease is serious complication worldwide and it’s the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives: To detect hepatitis B virus antigen among blood donors attended to Blood Transfusion Center in Atbara River Nile State, from April to June 2017. Methodology: Descriptive cross sectional study, a total of 91 donor samples were collected from various capillary bloods or 2ml of venous blood sample in plain container for ICT hepatitis B viral screening and then serum was separated for ELISA to conform the positive results. Result: Hepatitis B virus antigen is detected in 2.2% of screened blood donors. Conclusion, discussion and recommendation: Despite more than type of serological technique was used a molecular diagnostic method should be applied in further studies also sample size must be increased and period of screening should be prolonged.

Different batches of lansoprazole loaded ethyl cellulose and HPMC K4M microspheres were prepared using W/O/O double emulsification-solvent diffusion method, to overcome the problem of low encapsulation efficiency of lansoprazole using span-80 as a stabilizer with constant stirring by a magnetic stirrer (Model-1 MLA, Remi motors, vasai, Mumbai, India) at 750- 1000 rpm for 5 hours and centrifuged by cooling centrifuge (Hittich, Zentrifugen, model-1195 a, Mikro 220R, Germany). The prepared microspheres were evaluated and characterized for particle size, percentage yield, drug entrapment efficiency, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), drug-excipient compatibility studies by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), solid state properties (crystalline or amorphous) by differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), In-vitro drug release studies and release kinetics were determined. The optimized formulation F5 was characterized for particle size and surface morphology using optical microscopy method and scanning electron microscopy. Lansoprazole drug release rate was observed highest and improved dissolution rate, with the increase in concentration of HPMC K4M and decreased particle size of microspheres and showed sustained release property of the drug by ethyl cellulose in pH 1.2 up to 92-98.3% were releases within a period of 12 hrs. From the formulation F1 to F5, F5 showed a high dissolution rate of 98.3% and compared with the percentage drug release of pure drug. The data obtained from the dissolution profiles were compared to the different release kinetics models and the regression coefficients. The drug release profile follows zero order release and Higuchi model kinetics, it was found that the optimized formulation of lansoprazole microspheres showed sustained release property and drug release was found to be diffusion controlled mechanism, the n value of Korsmeyer-peppas equation indicated non-fickian type of diffusion.

Background: Platelets indices, mean platelets volume (MPV), platelets distribution width (PDW) and platelets large cell ratio (P-LCR). Materials and method: This is prospective cross-sectional study is done to investigate platelets indices in uncomplicated pregnant women of varying age group (test 15-43y, control 18-50y) and tribes in Red sea state. The study included 98 females with normal pregnancy And 18 females used as normal controls; all females in the study were randomly selected. Justification: Thrombocytopenia are common in pregnant women. Platelet indices can be used as useful marker for predicting bleeding manifestation. Platelet indices can be used to indicate platelet activation and indirectly about the marrow activity. Objectives: To investigate the platelet indices in women with uncomplicated pregnancy in red sea state. Result: The study clearly indicates that there are no difference in the platelets indices parameters in the group included in the study 9% of participants were thrombocytopenic and 91% were normal MPV (1% low, 98% normal and 1% high) PDW (1% low, 90% normal and 9% high) PLCR (1%low, 98% normal_1% high). Conclusion: The study includes platelets count, mean platelets volume, platelets distribution width, and platelets large cell ratio in normal pregnant women in red sea state. And can used for comparison in nutritional status and other medical issue.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) recently much attention focused in chemists and researchers. In this concern, Indian flora has yet to divulge innumerable sources of cost-effective non-hazardous reducing and stabilizing compounds utilized in preparing AgNPs. In the present study to synthesis the AgNPs using Eichhornia crassipes leaf extract. The AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible (vis) spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis was carried out to determine the nature of the capping agents in each of these leaf extracts. The green synthesis method is eco-friendly, of low cost and capable of producing AgNPs at room temperature. Here, Eichhornia crassipes leaf extract act as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The AgNPs were characterized by UV - Vis, FTIR and SEM analysis. The UV-Vis spectral studies confirmed the surface plasmon resonance of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles. Biomolecules were responsible for reducing and capping of AgNPs, which were confirmed by FTIR measurements. SEM studies revealed spherical and uniform-shaped silver nanoparticles with size in the range 10-40nm. In this present study, flavonoids in the Eichhornia crassipes leaf extract play an important role in the formation of silver nanoparticles.

The goal of this investigation was to compare the efficiency of various polymers, natural and synthetic origin on In vitro and In vivo buoyancy and In vitro drug release from the floating tablets of Acebutolol hydrochloride, an antihypertensive drug by direct compression method. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various pre-compression and post-compression parameters like thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability, In vitro buoyancy, In vitro dissolution studies and release mechanism studies. From the results it was revealed that formulation containing karaya gum, A7 was selected as an optimized formulation with respect to high buoyancy time and sustained drug release supported by In vivo studies. The optimized formulation followed zero order rate kinetics with non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The optimized formulation was evaluated with FTIR studies and observed no interaction between the drug and the polymers.

The aim of this study was to for mulate and evaluate sumatriptan floating drug delivery system. The floating tablets of Sumatriptan were prepared by using HPMCK15M, HPMCE15LV, Carbopo l940 polymers. The pre compression and post compression evaluation were performed asperpharmacopoeial standards. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Dissolution measurements were carried out in a (USP) dissolution testing apparatus II. Compatibility study was performed by FTIR. The compatibility study of the prepared Sumatriptan floating tablets confirms that there is no interaction between the drug and polymers used. The cumulative drug release was performed in order of kinetics. The drug release kinetics was observed by Non-fickian diffusion mechanism. The floating lag time were found to be significantly increased with the increasing concentration of the polymers. When compared to the other formulation depends on dissolution profile HPMCE15 was shows better effect. The release kinetic data implies that here lease mechanism of all the formulations was Non-fickian. It may be used to extended period of drug release for at least 12h, that’s way improving the bioavaibility and patient compliance.

The advent of pharmaceutical care revolutionized the pharmacy practice from a limited drug supply role into a more extended focus of patient oriented services. In order to get by this reformation, it’s imperative for pharmacists to shape themselves accordingly. This study was conducted to assess the compliance level of pharmacy practice in community setting, in Asmara, Eritrea, with the Good Pharmacy Practice standards and to come up with pragmatic recommendations. 23 community pharmacies, grouped in three different categories, were included to make multidimensional, rationally defined observations. The results illustrated that the community pharmacy practice is at its most basic appearance, excepting the proper pharmaceutical care services provision. Moreover, decentralized practice, which is a growing threat for patients’ trust on pharmacists, was observed. Thus, the need for a principal amendment in the entire practice of community pharmacy is clearly appreciated.

The present study describes the stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Amiloride hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The proposed RP-HPLC method was developed by using Shimadzu prominence-i LC-2030 HPLC system equipped with UV detector and chromatographic separation was carried on Shim-pack GIST C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µ) column at a flow rate of 1mL/min and the run time was 5 min. The mobile phase consisted of water and acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:50% v/v and eluents were scanned using UV detector at 285 nm. The retention time of Amiloride hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide was found to be 2.06 and 3.12 min, respectively. A linearity response was observed in the concentration range of 12–28 µg/mL for Amiloride hydrochloride and 120–280 µg/mL for Hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. Limit of detection and limit of quantification for Amiloride hydrochloride were 0.52µg/mL and 1.57µg/mL and for Hydrochlorothiazide are 0.708µg/mL and 2.14µg/mL, respectively. The stability indicating method was developed by subjecting the drugs to stress conditions such as acid and base hydrolysis, oxidation, humidity and photo- and thermal degradation and the degraded products formed were resolved successfully from the samples.

The work aims at investigating different types and levels of hydrophilic matrixing agents like Acacia and HPMC K15M, is an attempt to formulate sustained release matrix tablets containing Lornoxicam. Lornoxicam, a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which has short half-life, makes the development of sustained release forms extremely advantageous. The standard curve of Lornoxicam was prepared in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at 376 nm. Nine formulations were developed by wet granulation method. The in vitro release studies were carried out using USP type II apparatus i.e. paddle type. The in vitro dissolution studies were carried out in pH 1.2 buffer (0.1 N HCl) for the first two hours and afterwards the medium was phosphate buffer pH 6.8 for next 12 hours. From among all the developed formulations, batch F9 was found to show better release profile and hence formulation F9 was optimized. In the above view of findings it can be concluded that the combination of hydrophilic polymers that are retardant in nature are better suited for sustained and controlled drug delivery system than the hydrophilic polymer alone.

Doxycycline hyclate, its IUPAC name is (4S, 4aR, 5S, 5aR, 6R, 12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-1, 4, 4a, 5, 5a, 6, 11, 12a-octahydro-3, 5, 10, 12, 12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1, 11-dioxonaphthacene-2-carboxamide hydrochloride hemiethananolate hemihydrates. It can be obtained from oxytetracycline or methacycline. It is highly stable in normal human serum. There are several methods reported such as HPLC, Spectrophotometry, HPTLC, etc for the estimation of doxycycline hyclate but best of our knowledge no first order spectrometry method is published for the estimation of Doxycycline hyclate. Hence, we developed simple, accurate, rapid, specific the first order UV spectrometry method for estimation of doxycycline hyclate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The absorption maxima were found to be 266nm in first order. Water was used as a solvent for the experiment. Doxycycline hyclate shows linear response between 14.4 to 33.6µg/ml. And correlation coefficient were found to be 0.99 with linear equation y = 0.000568x+0.00015. % RSD of system precision and method precision were found to be 0.7975 and 1.0172 respectively. Centrifuge and no. 0.45 micron filter were found to be suitable to be suitable for the method. Accuracy were performed at 80%, 100% and 120% level and were found to be 100.5%,100.8% and 99.5% respectively. Therefore, system precision, method precision, accuracy was found to be within the specified limit of ICH guideline.