The aim of present research was to design and develop Nanoemulsion of ketoconazole for solubility enhancement. Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent with broad spectrum activity. It belongs to BCS class II i.e. poorly soluble and highly permeable drug. Due to its poor solubility, it is incompletely absorbed after oral dosing and bioavailability varies among individuals. The drug efficacy of topical formulation can be limited by instability due to its poor solubility in the vehicle and low permeability. Therefore, to overcome these shortcomings nanoemulsions have been designed. Nanoemulsion was formulated by aqueous titration method using myritol 318 as oil, kolliphor HS 15 as surfactant and PEG 200 as co-surfactant. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed on triplot software to identify nanoemulsion area using different concentrations of oil, Smix (surfactant and co- surfactant) and water. The formulations were evaluated for thermodynamic stability test such as droplet size, zeta potential, drug content, transmission electron microscopy and FTIR. The optimized formulation contains droplet size 627.5nm and zeta potential -15.4mv. In-vitro diffusion study of nanoemulsion showed 86.33 % release within 5hrs. Hence, it is concluded that nanoemulsion enhances the solubility of ketoconazole.

Androgens which are comparatively cheap were used in the treatment of anaemia (due to chronic kidney diseases) in dialysis patients before the development of Erythropoietin (EPO). However, there aresome concerns related to their efficacy and side effects. Study aims are to examine the efficacy and harms of Nandrolone Decanoate for the treatment of anaemia caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to recombinant erythropoietin. A systematic analysis and review revealed no difference between Nandrolone Decanoate and recombinant erythropoietin for the treatment of anaemia caused by CKD in men over 50 years. Therefore, nandrolone Decanoate can be used for the treatment of anaemia caused by CKD in this category of patients, in developing countries. However, further studies are required to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of nandrolone Decanoate in men over 50 years of age, also its safety and effectiveness in females, and in males less than 50 years of age.

The Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) is a Novel Drug Delivery System for Enhancement of water solubility of poorly water soluble drugs. It is isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, co-surfactant molecules and it also containing co-solvent molecule. It is Drug delivery system is thermodynamically and kinetically stable. The drug delivery system under mild agitation is followed by dilution of aqueous media such as GI fluid and it can from stable O/W Nanoemulsion. Having size of Globules is less than 100nm. It is important type of Drug delivery system to maintain the chemical stability as well as solubility of drug product. The Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) is important application on BCS Class II and Class IV Drugs for improving water Solubility of poorly water soluble drugs. It is important to prevent the interfacial tension and improving the dissolution as well as absorption rate of drug molecule. It is Novel Drug Delivery System is Applicable for parenteral, Ophthalmic, intranasal and cosmetic drug delivery system. And the present review describes Preparation, components, mechanism, of self Nanoemulsification, biopharmaceutical aspects, characterization methods and applications of self Nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) For Enhancement of oral Bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs.

A rapid, sensitive facile and stability-indicating UV-spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of ketoconazole, an antifungal drug, in bulk drug and formulations. The method is based on the measurement of absorbance of the drug solution in 0.1 M H2SO4 at 222 nm. Regression analysis of the Beer’s law plot showed a good correlation in the concentration range 1.0-17.5 µ g mL -1 with an apparent molar absorptivity value of 2.94 × 10 4 L mol -1 cm -1 . The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.28 and 0.84 µ g mL -1 , respectively. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, selectivity, robustness and ruggedness. The method was applied to formulations with a recovery of 97.10-100.5 % the standard deviation being 0.63-2.23. Thedrug was subjected to acid, base and hydrolytic, oxidative, thermal and photolytic stress conditionsto determine its stability-indicating ability. Results showed that the drug underwent slight (~22%) degradation under base-hydrolysis stress conditions and remained intact under other stress conditions.

Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, the commonest being Candida albicans. The incidence varies depending on age and certain predisposing factors. Candida fungi are found almost everywhere in the environment. Some may live harmlessly along with the abundant "native" species of bacteria that normally colonize the mouth, gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Usually, Candida is kept under control by the body's immune defense. Candidiasis is classified using the Lehner system. Some of the subtypes almost always occur as acute and others chronic. Major signs and symptoms of oral candidiasis include White patches, or red lesions in oral cavity, pruitus, and vulval erythematic, curd-like discharge from vagina. Management involves taking a history, an examination, and appropriate antifungal treatment with a few requiring samples to be taken for laboratory analysis. In certain high risk groups antifungal prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of infections. The only prevention is Good Oral Hygiene.