In the present study, niosomes co-loaded with 5-Fluorouracil and Leucovorin was prepared and evaluated for their characterization and in vitro drug release. Formulation of niosomes was optimized for highest percentage of drug entrapment. Microscopic observation confirmed that all particles were uniform in size and shape. The entrapment efficiency was optimized using different concentration of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants. The in vitro release studies of drug from niosomes exhibited a prolonged drug release as observed over a period of 12 h. The negative values of zeta potential indicated that the 5-Fluorouracil and Leucovorin loaded niosomes were stabilized by electrostatic repulsive forces. Results from stability study have shown that the drug leakage from the vesicles was least at 4°C followed by 25°C and 37°C. The mechanism of release of 5-FU and LV was found Non-Fickian and Fickian diffusion respectively. Niosomes can be formulated by optimised process parameters to enhance 5-FU and LV entrapment efficiency and sustainability of release. These improvements in 5-Fluorouracil and Leucovorin niosomal formulation may be useful in developing a more effective combination for cancer therapy.

Medicinal plants are the richest sources of phytoconstituents. Primary metabolites and secondary metabolites are synthesized in plants. These phytoconstituents are the source of traditional system of medicines, food supplements and nutraceuticals. Wild Karonda is a thorny bush which is known as Carrisa spinarum binomially, belonging to Apocynaceae family. They are drought resistant plants and it is grown in dry foothills. These bushes are found in dense forest of tropical or subtropical region of India. Traditionally it is used for treatment of various diseases like, inflammation, rheumatism, epilepsy, microbial and viral infection, cancer etc. Phytochemical studies revealed that glycosides, lignans, coumarins, fatty acids and volatile oils are present in this plants. Phytochemical investigation upon this plant researchers isolated 9 lignans compounds, 2 cardiac glycosides, one coumarins compound which of some are carinol, carissanol, nortrachelogenin, caeffic acid and stigmasterol. This plant exhibits positive pharmacological activities which are antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, Antiarthritic, anticancer, antipyretic, antiascaris, epilepsy, for pain, antirheumatic, liver disease, anticonvulsant, purgative etc. The aim of this review is more attention to researchers toward investigation of new phytochemical, pharmacological study scientifically drugs used traditionally and establishment of mode of action of drug.

Nanoscience and nanotechnology, involving the ability to control and manipulate the material at level of individual atoms and molecules, make possible to realize a personalized medicine towards a new therapeutic approach. At this purpose, new non-woven tissues have been realized by the use of bio renewable natural polymers, such as chitin nanofibrils and lignin, obtained from crustacean waste and plant biomass respectively. The aim of the study was to control effectiveness and safeness on burned skin of advanced medications made prevalently by the complex chitin nanofibrils (CN) nano-lignin (LG) bonded with nano silver, in comparison with in commerce medications. The non-woven tissues, prevalently made by CN, were electro spun by the NS Lab 500 on a bed of polypropylene of pharmaceutical grade. The engineered CN-LG nanoparticles, electro spun fibres and tissues, together with their physicochemical characteristics, such as diameter and uniformity, as well as the right strength end elasticity, pore size and density, were controlled. According to the declaration of Helsinky, the in vivo effectiveness was verified on 30 selected patients (group A) affected by second degree burns, that utilized non-woven tissues of 15x30 cm in dimension, posed on a bed of polypropylene of pharmaceutical grade, put into a sealed aluminium envelope and sterilized by gamma-rays. They compare Group A with 30 patients that were treated with standard dressing for the same wound characteristic (Group B). The in vivo results have evidenced that the realized advanced medications are able not only to rapidly repair and regenerate the skin, but also to prevent the bacterial infections. It was possible, in fact, to obtain a fast process of wound healing in a week, avoiding the need to remove the medication with an economical advantage for the hospital and the patient. The CN-non-woven tissue, made by natural raw materials obtained from biomass, has shown to be skin-friendly and 100% biodegradable and therefore useful for medical purposes and to decrease the dependence from fossil fuel resources, in agreement to the and EU program of a green economy.

Nabumetone (NBT) BCS class II drug with 750 mg dose used for the treatment of discomfort cause due to arthritis. Formation of solid dispersion of NBT with carriers like gelucire 50/13 and urea will enhance the bioavailability. Phase-solubility studies revealed AL type of curves showed that the dispersion of gelucire 50/13 or urea with NBT significantly increases solubility of drug. The dispersions of NBT with gelucire 50/13 and urea were carried out by different methods and evaluated for in vitro drug release, drug content, FTIR, DSC, XRD. All dispersions showed improvement in dissolution rate in comparison with pure drug. These evaluation techniques showed distinct loss of drug crystallinity and showed improvement in dissolution rate. All dispersions were found stable after stability study. Methods showing best drug release for in vitro studies were selected for further study of development and evaluation of topical gel formulation. A topical gel has been developed using carbapol 940, propylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulphate. The formulations were evaluated for the physico-chemical and release characteristics. The optimized batch of gels showed good mechanical and physicochemical properties. The results indicated that gel with good bioadhesive and permeability properties could be prepared. The in vitro diffusion study showed drug release with urea was 76.49% and that with GLR 50/13 was 88.46% in distilled water with solvent wetting method after 8 hrs.

In the present study, niosomes co-loaded with 5-Fluorouracil and Leucovorin was prepared and evaluated for in vivo anticancer efficacy in Dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) induced colon cancer. In the present study, colon cancer was induced by s.c injection of DMH (20 mg/kg b.wt) for 15 weeks. The animals were divided into five groups as follows control, DMH alone, DMH and 5-FU, DMH and 5-FU + LV market formulation and DMH and 5-FU + LV niosomes formulation and the treatment was carried out for 15 weeks. At the end of the study period the blood was withdrawn and serum was separated for haematological, biochemical analysis and tumor markers. Further, the colonic tissue was removed for the estimation of antioxidants and histopathological analysis. The results of the study displays that DMH intoxication elicits altered haematological parameters (RBC, WBC and Hb), elevated lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidants level (SOD, CAT, GPX, GST and GSH), elevated lipid profiles (cholesterol and triglycerides), tumor markers (CEA and AFP) and altered colonic tissue histology. Mean while, treatment with 5-FU + LV niosomes significantly restored the altered biochemicals parameters in DMH induced colon cancer mediated by its anticancer efficacy. Further, 5-FU + LV niosomes showed marked efficacy as that of the 5-FU + LV market formulation and 5-FU-alone.