The present study was designed to develop suitable matrix type Transdermal drug delivery systems of Almotriptan using two different polymeric combinations, E RL100 with HPMC E 15; Ethyl cellulose with HPMC E 15, E RL100 and Ethyl cellulose are acrylic acid matrices which have been used to make drug-polymer matrix patches for Transdermal delivery systems which are reported to be compatible with many drugs. Different polymeric Patches containing Almotriptan were prepared and evaluated for physicochemical, in vitro drug release and Kinetic studies. The IR spectral analysis of Almotriptan showed that the principal peaks and for the mixture of Almotriptan with different polymers additional to the principal peaks, some additional peaks were observed with physical mixtures, which could be due to the presence of polymers. Penetration enhancers that alter the partitioning can be useful to enhance the drug permeation. In this study various penetration enhancers D-Limonene, Oleic acid and were used in different concentrations to determine their effect on permeation of drug. The presence of all the characteristic bands due to functional groups in polymer mixtures suggests that there is no interaction between the drug and polymers used in the present study. Analysis of drug release mechanism showed that the drug release from the formulations followed zero order kinetics with higuchis model of drug release. Based on the results of evaluation tests formulation coded F9 was concluded as best formulation.

Formulation of Desloratadine Emulgel was done using various penetration enhancers and a gelling agent by dispersion in oil/water emulsion based method. Prepared emulgels was investigated for different parameters. All the prepared emulgels showed acceptable physical-chemical properties concerning colour, viscosity, melting point, pH value, spread ability and drug content, etc. In-vitro drug release studies were conducted using Franz-Diffusion cell. Desloratadine maximum wavelength is determined by UV-Visible spectrophotometer using 6.8 pH phosphate buffer and was detected to be 249 nm. Desloratadine emulgel was formulated using light liquid paraffin as oil phase and emulsifying agent tween 20 for emulsion and incorporated into gel using carbopol 934 polymer. FTIR studies showed that drug and all excipients are compatible. The data obtained from in-vitro drug release studies was treated by various conventional mathematical models to determine the release mechanism from the designed emulgel formulations. Selection of a suitable release model was based on the values of R2 (correlation coefficient), k (release constant) obtained from the curve fitting of release data. It was found that all the formulations follows the zero order kinetics. The optimized formulation F7 showed a shear thinning with thixotropic property with better spread ability, viscosity and In-vitro drug release compared to other formulations. In the study it was observed that the concentrations of tween 20 and linseed oil has shown effect on viscosity, spread ability and In-vitro drug permeability. Increased amount of linseed oil showed suppress activity of tween 20. The surface morphology of the optimized formulation was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopic study. Thus Desloratadine emulgel which could increase the drug permeability across the skin and fast release of the drug could be successfully achieved.

Analytical method was developed for the estimation of Lamivudine and Dolutegravirin drug product by liquid chromatography. The chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 column (Inertsil ODS 3V 250*4.6mm) at ambient temperature. The separation achieved employing a mobile phase consists of 0.1%v/v TFA in water: ACN (30:70). The flow rate was 0.8ml/ minute and ultra violet detector at 260nm. The average retention time for Lamivudine and Dolutegravir found to be 2.373min and 4.558min. The proposed method was validated for selectivity, precision, linearity and accuracy. All validation parameters were within the acceptable range. The assay methods were found to be linear from 300-900µg/ml for Lamivudine 50-150µg/ml and Dolutegravir.

The current work focuses on the formulation and evaluation of bilayer tablet of Candesartan and Hydrochlorthiazide in the treatment of hypertension. The release of Candesartan and Hydrochlorthiazide was controlled by formulating it into a sustained and immediate release layer respectively. The formulae was developed using various individual concentrations of Crospovidone, Sodium Starch Glycolate, Cros Carmellose Sodium, and various individual concentrations and viscosity grades of HPMC K4 M and HPMC K15 M polymers for both immediate and sustained release layers respectively. The compatibility of polymers and excipients along with pure drugs was evaluated using FTIR studies. Both the layers were formulated individually in nine different batches and further Pre- and Post-compression parameters, In-vitro dissolution testing, release rate kinetics and stability studies were evaluated. The FTIR spectra’s confirms the absence of chemical interaction between drug and polymers. All the Pre and post-compression parameters were found to be in limits. From the results of dissolution testing it was found that the batch F3 and batch F5 of sustained and immediate layer respectively was found to be best when compared with the marketed product. The data for stability studies revealed that no considerable differences in drug content and dissolution rates for a period of 3 months as per ICH guidelines. Thus, a novel bilayer tablet formulation of Candesartan and Hydrochlorthiazide were successfully developed by combining both immediate and sustained release layers.

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics for food and animal production has resulted in a considerable rise of antimicrobial resistant strains of bacteria. The current study aims at finding out the prevalence of resistant strains of enteric bacteria from the top soil of dairy farms in Salem. Materials and Method: Top soil was collected from 10 randomly selected dairy farms in Salem. A total of 7 samples were obtained from each dairy farm. The roadside soil was collected from nearby each farm to be used as a control. All samples were uniformly processed by serial dilution. Resistant enteric bacteria were isolated (Antifungal agents were used to prevent growth of fungi) and identified according to standard protocol. Four commonly used antibiotics namely, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Gentamycin and Chloramphenicol that are widely used in animal husbandry were selected for screening. Result: The roadside control samples contained a lesser amount of resistant Gram Negative Enteric Bacteria (GN-EB) (49 isolates) compared to the dairy farm topsoil (262 isolates), This result was validated by statistically significant differences for each category of the antibiotic. Through this study, it could be found that resistant strains of enteric bacteria are prevalent in dairy farm top soil.Our study supports the hypothesis that dairy farm topsoil can serve as a zoonotic mode of transmission of resistant strain and in addition, the observed high-level antibiotic resistances suggests that dairy farm topsoil serves as an environment in which clinically relevant resistance can develop.