Tomato is a generally popular crop for its rich nutritional values and constitute an integral part of daily diets for substantial portion of human population of the world. But due to its limitation in conventional breeding methods and increasing demand for this important cropin fast growing population, large scale propagation of tomato through plant tissue culture technique became highly significant. In this work, a protocol has been established for a rapid, high frequency plant regeneration of normal tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Sterilized seeds were sown on autoclavable bags, the seeds where cultured from zero to five days at room temperature while watered. These cultured seeds were grown and cut into some portions and were cultured into medium with Murashige and Skoog salts. Growth regulators were also added with commercial sucrose as energy source to the plants. After four to six weeks, about 45% of the elongated shoots were excised individually from the explants and sub-cultured into the same medium for rooting. This paper reports, an easy germination of seeds and tissue culture protocols established for tomato in Nigeria.

Radix Dipsaci was kidney tonifying herbal medication that has a long history of being used safely to heal bone fractures and joint disorders. Radix Dipsaci extract (RDE) has been shown to protect ovariectomized rats against bone loss. The impact of Radix Dipsaci extract on bone loss caused by diabetes is investigated in this study. The impact of Radix Dipsaci extract on blood glucose, HBA1C levels and bone mineral density in rats was studied using a rat model. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6) were split into four groups: Saline was administered to normal control rats (NC), diabetic control rats (DC), diabetic rats were given 1000mg/kg body weight of metformin (MET) and 500mg/kg body weight of Radix Dipsaci extract respectively to two groups. Radix Dipsaci extract treatment improved blood glucose levels, HBA1C levels and bone mineral density. Radix Dipsaci extract has been shown to reduce bone loss caused by diabetes, implying that it might be used to treat diabetes.

The glycemic effectiveness and safety of the formulation of sitagliptin-metformin were evaluated in type 2 diabetics. In this analysis, 40 drug-naive type-2 diabetics were randomized on an average to receive sitagliptin/metformin 100/500mg OD. Fasting glucose levels, postprandial plasma glucose levels, glycated haemoglobin levels, total cholesterol levels, triglycerides levels, high density lipoproteins levels, low density lipoproteins levels and very low density lipoproteins levels were taken as parameters. Initial management by sitagliptin-metformin FDC resulted in better glycemic regulation, identical weight reduction and fewer stomach pain and diarrhea cases.

Acne vulgaris is one among the foremost prevalent skin diseases which affect almost 80% of adolescents within the world during their lifetime. Antibiotic resistance will develop when we take the antibiotic during repeated treatment. Ancient time onwards plants are utilised as medicine. Treatment of acne has been considered as a serious research area in pharmaceutical and private cosmetic care industries. The aim of this work was to guage the phytochemical composition of Eclipta alba, green synthesis of silver nanoparticle and to develop herbal topical gel formulation to treat acne. Eclipta alba is chosen supported its antibacterial activity. Phytochemical analysis revealed phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins are present within the extract. Silver nanoparticle and copper nanoparticle was synthesized using 1mM aqueous nitrate solution and 1mM aqueous copper sulfate solution from the extracts of Eclipta alba and formation of silver nanoparticle and copper nanoparticle was confirmed by UV spectroscopy and Functional groups are identified by FTIR analysis. Synthesized silver nanoparticles and copper nanoparticle was incorporated into gel base and evaluated for its physical properties like pH, viscosity, spreadability and antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The prepared formulation of this study showing no lumps, had uniform color dispersion and were free from any fibre and particle. It found that the formulation is easy to wash, better spreadability, pH was found to be 6.72 and 6.80 almost like pH of the skin. The developed formulation showed good antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Synthesized silver nanoparticle of Eclipta alba showed higher activity than copper nanoparticle and extract. Hence, silver nanoparticle and copper nanoparticle of Eclipta alba in aqueous gel-base are often used as an appropriate formulation for treatment of acne.

Clarithromycin is macrolide antibiotic used as against various susceptible bacteria. In the present study erythromycin was entrapped into niosomes by ether injection technique with the optimization of various process parameters. The niosomal formulations were prepared using a polymerSpan 80 and Cholesterol in different ratio (2:1, 2:2, 3:1, 3.5:1, 4:1, 4.5:2). Dicetly phosphate (DCP) was added in the niosomal formulation. The niosomal formulation was used to formulate topical gel and evaluated for various parameters such as pH, spreadability,Rheological studyand In vitro release in diffusion cells. All the formulations were found to release clarithromycin in a controlled manner for a prolonged period over 8 hours. It was observed that niosomes prepared using an span 80 and cholesterol in 4.5:2 ratio exhibited the best release profile and able to sustain the drug release for 8 hours. The results demonstrate that the entrapment of drug into niosomes leads to prolongation of drug release, enhanced drug retention into skin and improved permeation across the skin after encapsulation.