Liposome’s, sphere-shaped vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipids bilayers. Today, they are a very useful reproduction, reagent, and tool in various scientific disciplines, including mathematics and theoretical physics, biophysics, chemistry, colloid science, biochemistry, and biology.A number of clinical studies have now demonstrated the superiority of liposomal drug formulations over conventional delivery systems. Liposomes characterize an advanced technology to deliver active molecules to the site of action, and at present, several formulations are in clinical use. Research on liposome technology has progressed from conventional vesicles to ‘second-generation liposome’s’, in which long-circulating liposome’s are obtained by modulating the lipid composition, size, and charge of the vesicle. Liposome with modified surfaces have also been developed using several molecules, such as glycolipids or sialic acid. Antineoplastic agents, doxorubicin, daunorubicin and cytarabine, are in advanced stages of clinical testing in humans. One or more of these should prove to be a medically useful and commercially viable product within the next few years.This paper summarizes exclusively scalable techniques and focuses on strengths, respectively, limitations in respect to industrial applicability and regulatory requirements concerning liposomal drug formulations based on FDA and EMEA documents.

The CNBr molecule cleaves the protein molecule at the C-terminal end of the methionine leaves an extra amino acid homoserine lactone and homoserine which are in equilibration state. In analytical HPLC the homoserine form of the molecule eluted first followed by homoserine lactone form which creates the purity related consequences, 40-60%, having each form of the T-20 molecule. In this present work we cloned the T-20 peptide as Pentamer for high yield requirements with CNBr cleavage site having the histidine tag. In purification process, after CNBr cleavage of the Pentamer, the cleaved monomer was separated from other related impurities by reverse phase chromatography in which the purified monomer having an extra amino acid was showed two forms in HPLC. So the equilibration shift was needed to one form which was done by keeping the peptide at 37C for 16 h with an unknown mechanism. The physical and chemical parameters of the two forms of the peptides in comparison with standard T-20 peptide were characterized by HPLC, Biological activity, Mass spectroscophy, Amino acid sequencing by MS.

Gastric retention along with oral controlled drug delivery is advantageous to many drugs having low absorption window and hence poor bioavailability. Oral controlled release delivery systems are programmed to deliver the drug in predictable time frame that will increase the efficacy and minimize the adverse effects and increase the bioavailability of drugs. It is most widely utilized route of administration among all the routes that have been explored for systemic delivery of dosage foms. In fact the buoyant dosage unit enhances gastric residence time (GRT) without affecting the intrinsic rate of emptying. Unfortunately floating devices administered in a single unit form (Hydro dynamically- balanced system) HBS are unreliable in prolonging the GRT owing to their emptying process and, thus they may causes high variability in bio-availability and local irritation due to large amount of drug delivered at a particular site of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a new drug delivery system to maximize effectiveness and compliance. For minimizing the limitations and achieving better gastric retention various combinational approaches floating and swelling, floating and bio-adhesion, etc., multi-particulate systems, super porous hydrogel, etc have been discussed. These systems help in continuously releasing the drug before it reaches the absorption window, thus ensuring optimal bioavailability. Gastro retentive drug delivery system is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site-specific drug release in upper gastro intestinal tract improving the oral sustained delivery of drug. In this paper current and recent gastro-retentive approaches have been presented.

To investigate the effects of Tragia plukenetii R Smith leaf extracts for analgesic activity using tail flick method. The preclinical evaluation of standardized benzene, chloroform, and methanolic extracts of the leaves of Tragia plukenetii R. smith was carried outfor analgesic activity using tail flick method in swiss albino mice. The methanolic leaf extract of Tragia plukenetii R. Smith has shown significant analgesic activity when compared with all the other groups using tail flick method. The results conclusively demonstrate the efficacy of Tragia plukenetii R. Smith methanolic leaf extracts for analgesic activity.

The objective of the study was to develop controlled release matrix tablets of Losartan potassium by simplex lattice design and evaluating the relationship and influence of different content levels of HPMC, Eudragit RSPO, Eudragit RLPO and ethyl cellulose, in order to achieve a zero-order release of Losartan potassium. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation process. In-vitro drug release study revealed that HPMC causes initial burst release of drug hence combining HPMC with Eudragit sustained the action for 8hrs (95.92±0.57% release). Fitting the in-vitro drug release data to Korsmeyer equation indicated that diffusion along with erosion could be the mechanism for drug release. In conclusion, results suggest that drug release kinetics from these formulations corresponded best to zero-order kinetics. Compared to conventional tablets, release of model drug from these HPMC matrix tablets was prolonged, leading to achieve an effective therapy with low dosage of the drug, to reduce the frequency of medication.

The aim of the study is an attempt has been made todevelop simultaneous determination methods for combined dose tablet formulation Azithromycin and Levofloxacin the by a simple, accurate, precise, sensitive, less expensive and less time consuming method by using RP-HPLC in pharmaceutical dosage form. The method was validated for parameters like accuracy, linearity, precision, specificity, robustness and system suitability. The column efficiency as determined is not less than 3000 USP plate count and the tailing factor is not more than 2.0. The % relative standard deviation for the peak areas of the six replicate injections is not more than 2.0%. The % RSD of assay of six replicate injections was found to be within the limits. The recovery resultsindicating that the test method has an acceptable level of accuracy. The correlation coefficient met the acceptance criteria of NLT 0.999. The LOD and LOQ values from the study demonstrate that the method is sensitive. The system suitability parameters found to be within the limits for a temperature change of 200 0 C, 250 0 C, 300 0 C. Similarly sample solution was chromate graphed at 200 0 C, 250 0 C and 300 0 C temperature. Retention times were compared and were found that with the increase in temperature retention time decreases. A study was conducted to determine the effect of variation in flow rate and from the results it is concluded that the method is robust.

Some novel chelating resins like Salicyldehyde-2-aminothiazole-formaldehyde (SD-HB-AT-HCHO). Salicyladehyde-6-methyl-2-aminobenzothiazole-formaldehyde (SD-MABT-HCHO) and Salicyladehyde-6-chloro-2-aminobenzothiazole-formaldehyde (SD-CABT-HCHO) were prepared by reacting Schiff bases of Salicyldehyde-2-aminothiazole (SD-HB-AT) Salicyladehyde-6-methyl-2-aminobenzothiazole (SD-MABT), Salicyladehyde-6-chloro-2-aminobenzothiazole (SD-CABT) with formaldehyde. These resins are very wide range of application as they contain heterocyclic ring system and multi functional groups. The antibacterial activities of all these resins were studied against pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. All these resins are found to be effective against the tested bacterial species and SD-MABT-HCHO resin is found to be most effective among them.

The polyherbal formulation Nerunjil vithai chooranam (NVC) has been used for the treatment of Male infertility (MI).As a mandate, steps were taken to evaluate safety profile of NVC in rats following OECD guidelines. In acute oral toxicity study, a single dose of NVC was administered and observed for 14 days. In acute toxicity studies, NVC revealed no abnormal signs upto the dose level of 2000mg/kg body weight.Sub-acute toxicity studies were carried in four different groups in which NVC was administrated orally to rats once daily for 28 days in various doses ranging from 36, 180,360 mg/kg for rat respectively. Detailed hematological, biochemical, necropsy and histopathological evaluation of organs was performed for all animals. The NVC was well tolerated and no toxic manifestations were seen in any animal. Histopathological analysis revealed that Spleen, Testes, Pancreas, Lung, Intestine, Stomach, Liver, Brain, Heart, Ovary, Uterus and Kidney tissues of treated groups did not show any signs of toxicity. No toxic effect was observed in acute and sub-acute toxicity studies ofNerunjil vithai chooranam.

Vitex leucoxylon Linn, belongs to the family Verbanacea. It is an endemic tree found in peninsular India and Srilanka. Trees are mostly seen along river banks and hills. In Tamilnadu, it is found in Tirunelveli, Salem and Palani hills. The leaves have been used as a folk medicine in many countries to treat Leprosy, cancer, emetic and headache. This paper deals with the microscopic study of leaves of Vitex leucoxylon, along with this physico-chemical like ash values, extractive values and preliminary phytochemical analysis were also studied.

The objective of the study was to develop colon targeted drug release of Satranidazole by using HPMC K₄M, HPMC K100 and Eudragit S100 as carriers. Satranidazole is used for the treatment of amoebiasis. The tablets are prepared by using direct compression method. The prepared tablets are evaluated in terms of their precompression studies, hardness test, thickness test, weight variation test, friability test, invitro study. The results of the study showed that formulation FOS-1 is most likely to provide targeting of Satranidazole for local action in the colon.