Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious and widespread metabolic disorder associated with dysregulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In chronic conditions, it leads to numerous complications resulting into diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy and in extreme disease conditions; it is also associated with cardiovascular disorders. There is need for the early diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome, so that its later stage complications can be avoided or minimized. The aim of this study is to obtain further insight in the mechanisms contributing to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in humans. Our hypothesis is that insulin resistance is not caused by a primary target cell defect and that neural or humoral factors may contribute to the development of insulin resistance. In this study, there are signs of dysregulation in the autonomic nervous system, the cortisol axis, adipose tissue distribution and adipokine production in insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes. An altered balance in any of these insulin-antagonistic systems due to genetic and/or environmental factors may be a contributing factor in the development of insulin resistance seen in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker, with half life 3 to 4.5 hours and requires multiple daily drug dosage to maintain adequate plasma concentrations. So we selected this drug to prepare a sustained release matrix tablets. The objective of this study to develop a formulation which releases the drug in a controlled manner over a period of 12 hours. The in vitro drug release characteristics were studied in 900ml of phosphate buffer ph 6.8 for a period of 12 hours using USP-XXIII dissolution apparatus type II (Paddle). To know the mechanism of drug release from these formulations, the data were treated according to first-order release, Higuchi’s, and korsmeyer equation along with zero order release pattern. Finally we conclude that the hydrophilic matrix of HPMC alone could not control the diltiazem release effectively for 12 hours.

In the present study methanolic extract of Samaneasaman(Jacq.) Merr. was evaluated for its potential anti diabetic activity by in-vitro α- amylase inhibition and in-vivo epinephrine induced diabetic rats. Several drugs such as biguanides and sulfonylureas are presently available to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. These drugs have side effects and thus searching for a new class of phytochemical. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Samaneasaman(Jacq.) Merr. Revealed the presence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins and gums and mucilage. Methanolic extract of Samaneasaman(Jacq.) Merr. at the doses of 250 mg/kg p.o and 500 mg/kg p.o significantly reduces the increased blood glucose level as compared to the disease control group (p<0.001) at1 and 2, (p<0.05) 1/2 hours respectively inepinephrine induced diabetic rats. Also shows significant α- amylase inhibition in concentrations such as 50µg/ml ˂100µg/ml ˂150µg/ml ˂200µg/ml˂250µg/ml. Evaluation of active compounds from the methanolic extract of Samaneasaman(Jacq.) Merr. for their antidiabetic activities may paw the way for the identification of a new class of phytochemical for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

The study was conducted in the Psychiatry in-patient and out-patient department of Private corporate hospital, Tamil Nadu. Duration of study was eleven months (March 2012 to January 2013). Study was conducted in 300 patients who visited the Psychiatry indoor and outdoor unit during March 2012 to January 2013. A modern methodological approach enables comparison of the data from Tamil Nadu studies with the data from other states, thus pointing out certain prescribers’ habits and or patients’ preferences that are characteristic for our milieu.

The in vivo assessment of serum  markers of the liver in rabbits treated with aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus were used to determine the enzymatic activity of a- amylase, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Alanine - aminotransferase (ALAT), Aspartate - aminotransferase (ASAT) and Gamma glutamyl transferase (gGT). During this experiment, the rabbits were treated intraperitoneally for four weeks (from 0 to 100 mg / kg / body   weight) and one week without treatment. Statistically significant changes were observed showing the effect of doses of the extract on a- amylase with reductions in percentage changes from concentrations of 10 mg / kg / body weight  whereas percentage increase was observed during longer period of exposure to the product effect  from the third week there was percentage increase from 100% to 350 % for  ALAT , 50 % to 450 % for  ASAT, from  20%  to 100  % for  ALP and decrease from - 10% to  - 60% for LDH. In conclusion the aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus amarus would not significantly have toxic effect on the hepatocytes only when they are used for a shorter duration (less than three weeks) with low concentrations (from 5 to 10 mg / kg / body weight).